Low-power firmware techniques for battery-powered MCUs

Map the MCU power domains and on-board regulators Cut active-mode burn: clock scaling, voltage trimming, and peripheral gating Choose sleep modes and design reliable wake paths (RTC, GPIO, radio) Retain state and resume cleanly: retention RAM, peripheral gating, and sequencing Measure, validate, and iterate: current measurement and power budgets Practical checklist: low-power bring-up and verification protocol Low-power firmware is not a checklist item you tack on at release; it is the fundament